[rsa or harvesting] unified fpga view to a composed host

ABSTRACT

Mechanisms for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chaining and unified FPGA views to a composed system hosts and associated methods, apparatus, systems and software A rack is populated with pooled system drawers including pooled compute drawers and pooled FPGA drawers communicatively coupled via input-output (IO) cables. The FPGA resources in the pooled system drawers are enumerated, identifying a location of type of each FPGA and whether it is a chainable FPGA. Intra-drawer chaining mechanisms are identified for the chainable FPGAs in each pooled compute and pooled FPGA drawer. Inter-drawer chaining mechanism are also identified for chaining FPGAs in separate pooled system drawers. The enumerated FPGA and chaining mechanism data is aggregated to generate a unified system view of the FPGA resources and their chaining mechanisms. Based on available compute nodes and FPGAs in the unified system view, new compute nodes are composed using chained FPGAs. The chained FPGAs are exposed to a hypervisor or operating system virtualization layer, or to an operating system hosted by the composed compute node as a virtual monolithic FPGA or multiple local FPGAs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/829,937, filed on Dec. 3, 2017, entitled “MECHANISMS FOR FPGACHAINING AND UNIFIED FPGA VIEWS TO COMPOSED SYSTEM HOSTS,” which isincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The availability and use of “Cloud” computing has expanded exponentiallyin the past few years. Under a conventional computing approach, usersrun software applications on their own computers and/or access softwareservices hosted by local servers (such as servers run by a businessenterprise). In contrast, under cloud computing the compute and storageresources are “in the cloud,” meaning they are physically hosted at aremote facility that is accessed via a computer network, such as theInternet. Compute and storage resources hosted by a cloud operator maybe accessed via “services,” which are commonly referred to ascloud-based services, Web services or simply services.

Cloud-based services are typically hosted by a datacenter that includesthe physical arrangement of servers that make up a cloud or a particularportion of a cloud. Data centers commonly employ a physical hierarchy ofcompute, network and shared storage resources to support scale out ofworkload requirements. FIG. 1 shows a portion of an exemplary physicalhierarchy in a data center 100 including a number L of pods 102, anumber M of racks 104, each of which includes slots for a number N oftrays 106. Each tray 106, in turn, may include multiple sleds 108. Forconvenience of explanation, each of pods 102, racks 104, and trays 106is labeled with a corresponding identifier, such as Pod 1, Rack 2, Tray1B, etc. Trays may also be referred to as drawers, and sleds may alsohave various forms, such as modules and nodes. In addition to tray andsled configurations, racks may be provisioned using chassis in whichvarious forms of servers are installed, such as blade server chassis andserver blades.

Depicted at the top of each rack 104 is a respective top of rack (ToR)switch 110, which is also labeled by ToR Switch number. Generally, ToRswitches 110 are representative of both ToR switches and any otherswitching facilities that support switching between racks 104. It isconventional practice to refer to these switches as ToR switches whetheror not they are physically located at the top of a rack (although theygenerally are). Alternatively, some implementations include an End ofRow (EoR) Switch that are connected to multiple racks instead of TORswitch. As yet another option, some implementations include multiple ToRswitches that are configured in a redundant manner, such that is one ofthe ToR switches fails, another ToR switch is available.

Each Pod 102 further includes a pod switch 112 to which the pod's ToRswitches 110 are coupled. In turn, pod switches 112 are coupled to adata center (DC) switch 114. The data center switches may sit at the topof the data center switch hierarchy, or there may be one or moreadditional levels that are not shown. For ease of explanation, thehierarchies described herein are physical hierarchies that use physicalLANs. In practice, it is common to deploy virtual LANs using underlyingphysical LAN switching facilities.

The cloud-hosted services are generally categorized as Software as aService (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as aService (IaaS). SaaS services, also commonly called Web services andcloud application services, enable access to services running ondatacenter servers via a network connection and client-side interface,such as a Web browser. Well-known examples of SaaS services includee-mail Web services (e.g., Google Gmail, Microsoft Hotmail, Yahoo mail),Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce.com and Google docs. PaaS, also knownas cloud platform services, are used for applications and otherdevelopment, while providing cloud components to software. Examples ofPaaS include Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure,and Google App Engine.

IaaS are services for accessing, monitoring, and managing remotedatacenter infrastructures, such as computer (virtualized or baremetal), storage, networking, and networking services (e.g., Firewalls).Instead of purchasing and running their own physical hardware, users canpurchases IaaS based on consumption. For example, AWS and Windows Azurerespectively offer use of Amazon and Microsoft datacenter resources on aresource allocation/consumption basis. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud(EC2) is a central part of AWS.

IaaS usage for a given customer typically involves allocation of datacenter resources. For example, a typical AWS user may request use of oneof 24 different EC2 instances, which range from a t2.nano instance with0.5 Gigabyte (GB) of memory, 1 core/variable cores/compute units and noinstance storage to an hs1.8×large with 117 GB of memory, 16/35cores/compute units and 48000 GB of instance storage. Each allocated EC2instance consumes certain physical datacenter resources (e.g. compute,memory storage). At the same time, datacenter racks may support amultitude of different configurations. To maximum resource allocation,the IaaS operator needs to track what resources are available in whichrack.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of thisinvention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomesbetter understood by reference to the following detailed description,when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various viewsunless otherwise specified:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional physical rackconfiguration in a data center;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a Rack Scale Design (RSD) configurationin a data center, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an RSD management architecture, accordingto one embodiment

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing further details of an RSD rackimplementing Pooled System Management Engines (PSMEs);

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary systemarchitecture under which FPGA chaining is facilitated over a fabric toenable an FPGA in a compute node to be chained with an FPGA in a pooledFPGA drawer;

FIG. 6a is a schematic diagram illustrating a first configuration of apooled compute drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanism under whichFPGAs that are included in compute nodes are communicatively-coupled toa backplane in the pooled compute drawer;

FIG. 6b is a schematic diagram illustrating a second configuration of apooled compute drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanism under whichFPGAs that are included in compute nodes are communicatively-coupled viaa cable;

FIG. 6c is a schematic diagram illustrating a third configuration of apooled compute drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanism under whichcompute nodes including respective FPGAs are coupled to a backplane inthe pooled compute drawer;

FIG. 7a is a schematic diagram illustrating a first configuration of apooled FPGA drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanisms under whichFPGAs are coupled via cables;

FIG. 7b is a schematic diagram illustrating a second configuration of apooled FPGA drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanisms under whichFPGAs are coupled to a backplane that includes wiring for supportingcommunication between the FPGAs;

FIG. 7c is a schematic diagram illustrating a third configuration of apooled FPGA drawer supporting an FPGA chaining mechanisms under whichFPGAs are coupled to a backplane that includes wiring for supportingcommunication between the FPGAs and further including a fabric interfaceto enable chaining of FPGAs external to the pooled FPGA drawer withFPGAs in the FPGA drawer;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating operations for enumerating FPGAresources in a system and associated FPGA chaining mechanisms andgenerating a unified view of the FPGA resources for the system.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating operations for composing a computenode that includes chained FPGAs and exposing a unified view of thechained FPGAs to a hypervisor or operating system virtualization hostedby the compute node;

FIG. 10a is a schematic diagram of a system architecture under which afirst FPGA in a pooled compute drawer includes an IO port that is linkedto an IO port on a second FPGA in a pooled FPGA drawer via a cable, andfurther illustrating the second FPGA linked to a third FPGA in thepooled FPGA drawer via respective IO ports on the second and thirdFPGAs;

FIG. 10b is a schematic diagram of a system architecture under which afirst FPGA is included in a compute node in a pooled compute drawer thatincludes an IO port that is linked to an IO port on a second FPGA in apooled FPGA drawer via a cable, and further illustrating the second FPGAlinked to a third FPGA in the pooled FPGA drawer via respective IO portson the second and third FPGAs;

FIG. 11a is a block diagram illustrating the FPGA programmable logiccircuitry of chained FPGAs being combined to create a virtual monolithicFPGA that is exposed to a hypervisor or OS virtualization layer hostedby a compute node;

FIG. 11b is a block diagram illustrating each of multiple FPGAs in anFPGA chain being exposed to the hypervisor or OS virtualization layer aslocal FPGAs;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating the use of a hypervisor or OSvirtualization layer exposing multiple chained FPGAs as a monolithicFPGA to an operating system, according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an approach under which theplatform hardware is used to present FGPA resources to an operatingsystem that are abstracted from the physical FPGA resources, accordingto one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of mechanisms for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)chaining and unified FPGA views to a composed system hosts andassociated methods, apparatus, systems and software are describedherein. In the following description, numerous specific details are setforth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of theinvention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, thatthe invention can be practiced without one or more of the specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In otherinstances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shownor described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” invarious places throughout this specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments.

For clarity, individual components in the Figures herein may also bereferred to by their labels in the Figures, rather than by a particularreference number. Additionally, reference numbers referring to aparticular type of component (as opposed to a particular component) maybe shown with a reference number followed by “(typ)” meaning “typical.”It will be understood that the configuration of these components will betypical of similar components that may exist but are not shown in thedrawing Figures for simplicity and clarity or otherwise similarcomponents that are not labeled with separate reference numbers.Conversely, “(typ)” is not to be construed as meaning the component,element, etc. is typically used for its disclosed function, implement,purpose, etc.

Recently, INTEL® Corporation introduced new rack architecture calledRack Scale Design (RSD) (formerly called Rack Scale Architecture). RackScale Design is a logical architecture that disaggregates compute,storage, and network resources and introduces the ability to pool theseresources for more efficient utilization of assets. It simplifiesresource management and provides the ability to dynamically composeresources based on workload-specific demands.

RSD uses compute, fabric, storage, and management modules that worktogether to enable selectable configuration of a wide range of virtualsystems. The design uses four basic pillars, which can be configuredbased on the user needs. These include 1) a Pod Manager (PODM) formulti-rack management, comprising firmware and software ApplicationProgram Interfaces (APIs) that enable resource and policy management andexpose the hardware below and the orchestration layer above via astandard interface; 2) a Pooled system of compute, network, and storageresources that may be selectively composed based on workloadrequirements; 3) Pod-wide storage built on connected storage usesstorage algorithms to support a range of usages deployed as a multi-rackresource or storage hardware and compute nodes with local storage; and4) a configurable network fabric of hardware, interconnect with cablesand backplanes, and management software to support a wide range ofcost-effective network topologies, including current top-of-rack switchdesigns and distributed switches in the platforms.

An exemplary RSD environment 200 is illustrated in FIG. 2. RSDenvironment 200 includes multiple computing racks 202, each including aTop of Rack (ToR) switch 204, a pod manager 206, and a plurality ofpooled system drawers. Generally, the pooled system drawers may includepooled compute drawers and pooled storage drawers. Optionally, thepooled system drawers may also include pooled memory drawers and pooledInput/Output (I/O) drawers. In the illustrated embodiment the pooledsystem drawers include an INTEL® XEON® pooled computer drawer 208, andINTEL® ATOM™ pooled compute drawer 210, a pooled storage drawer 212, apooled memory drawer 214, and an pooled I/O drawer 216. Each of thepooled system drawers is connected to ToR switch 204 via a high-speedlink 218, such as a 40 Gigabit/second (Gb/s) or 100 Gb/s Ethernet linkor an 100+ Gb/s Silicon Photonics (SiPh) optical link. In one embodimenthigh-speed link 218 comprises an 800 Gb/s SiPh optical link.

Multiple of the computing racks 200 may be interconnected via their ToRswitches 204 (e.g., to a pod-level switch or data center switch), asillustrated by connections to a network 220. In some embodiments, groupsof computing racks 202 are managed as separate pods via pod manager(s)206. In one embodiment, a single pod manager is used to manage all ofthe racks in the pod. Alternatively, distributed pod managers may beused for pod management operations.

RSD environment 200 further includes a management interface 222 that isused to manage various aspects of the RSD environment. This includesmanaging rack configuration, with corresponding parameters stored asrack configuration data 224.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of an RSD management architecture 300. TheRSD management architecture includes multiple software and firmwarecomponents configured in a layered architecture including anorchestration layer 302, an RSD pod management foundation API(Application Program Interface), a pod manager 306, and an RSDmanageability firmware API 308. The bottom layer of RSD managementarchitecture includes a compute platform management component 310, astorage management component 312, a rack management components 314, anda network switch management component 316.

The compute platform management component 310 performs operationsassociated with compute drawers and includes a pooled system, amanagement system, node management, switch configuration, and bootservice. Storage management component 312 is configured to supportoperation management of pooled storage drawers. Rack managementcomponent 314 is configured to manage rack temperature and powersub-systems. Network switch management component includes a distributedswitch manager.

INTEL® Rack Scale Design is designed to change the focus of platformarchitecture from single servers to converged infrastructure consistingof compute, network and storage, as discussed above and illustrated inFIG. 2. Management of resources is performed at the rack level and podlevel. Focus on management of resources at the rack level also requiresmanagement of rack level environments such as power and cooling zones aswell as providing a rack level root of trust for relative locationinformation. This role is fulfilled by Rack Management Module (RMM),along with a sub-rack unit (the drawer units in RSD terminology) managercalled a Pooled System Management Engine (PSME). The management elementsof RSD, RMM and PSMEs are connected to a private network that is notaccessible external to the rack, as shown in FIG. 4 and discussed below.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a rack configuration 400 employing rackmanagement and configuration components that communicate over a privaterack management network. The rack management and configurationcomponents include an RMM 402 coupled in communication with a rackmanagement switch 404 via a link 406. A respective PSME 408 isassociated with each of five pooled system drawers 410. Each PSME 408 isconnected to rack management switch 404 via a link 412. The rackmanagement switch is also connected to POD Manager 206. In theillustrated embodiment, each of pooled system drawers 1 and 2 includes aplurality of compute nodes 500, while pooled system drawers 3, 4, and 5respective include a plurality of storage resources 414, a plurality ofmemory resources 415, and a plurality of IO accelerator resources 416.

In a datacenter environment such as RSD, the data center managementsoftware is able to compose various rack resources into a computeinstance(s) or compute node that meets user performance requirements. Ingeneral, over allocation of resources to meet the performance results ininefficient utilization of the rack resource, leading to higher totalcost of ownership (TCO) and lower return on investment (ROI).

In accordance with aspects of the embodiments now described, mechanismsfor implementing FPGA chaining and generating unified FPGA views tocomposed system hosts are provided. In one aspect, FPGA resourcescomprising FPGA devices and FPGA chips are enumerated at respectivelevels in a system hierarchy that facilitates sharing of FPGA resourcesamong compute resources. Various FPGA attributes, are enumerated andtabulated, including the number of gates, access bandwidth, and locationwithin the system hierarchy. In one embodiment, this FPGA attributes andassociated link/interconnect information is forwarded to the PODmanager, which processes the information to build one or more unifiedFPGA views. Based on information in a unified view, the POD manager isenabled to compose a system that may include “chained” FPGA resources,wherein a given FPGA chain may include FPGA resources that are externalto a given compute node, in addition to FPGA resources that are local tothe compute node. This enables more efficient utilization of FPGAresources in the data center.

A diagram illustrating an architecture 500 according to one embodimentis shown in FIG. 5. Under architecture 500, each of compute nodes 502and 504 (also labeled and referred to herein as compute node 1 andcompute node 2) are installed in a pooled compute drawer 506 and have asimilar configuration. The configuration includes a processor System ona Chip (SoC) 508 (depicted as processor SoC 508-1 and 508-2) including acentral processing unit (CPU) with multiple processor cores 510.Processor SoC 508 is further shown coupled to a Network InterfaceController (NIC) 512, and memory 514. Generally, NIC 512 is illustrativeof various types of network or fabric adapters, including but notlimited to Ethernet network adaptors and host fabric interface (HFI)adapters. Under some configurations, a compute node may include amanagement or manageability component, such as a baseboard managementcontroller (BMC) 516 or a manageability engine and/or innovation engine(latter two not shown). Each of NIC 512, memory 514, and BMC 516 (ifpresent) is coupled to processor SoC 508 via an appropriate interface(not shown) and interconnect. For example, in one embodiment processorSoC 508 includes a PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) rootcontroller and associated PCIe root ports that are coupled to variousinput-output (IO) peripheral devices, such as a NIC. Meanwhile, memory514 is coupled to processor SoC 508 via an integrated memory controller(not shown), while BMC 516 is connected to processor SoC 508 via a PCIeinterface and PCIe link, another type of IO interface and link, or anout of band (OOB) channel or the like.

Each of compute nodes 502 and 504 further is depicted as including oneor more FPGA resources (also illustrated and referred to herein as FPGAdevices or simply as FPGAs). In compute node 502, processor SoC 508-1 iscoupled to an FPGA 518 (also labeled FPGA-1), while in compute node 504,processor SoC 508-2 is coupled to an FPGA 520 (also labeled FPGA-2).Generally, an FPGA device may be coupled to a processor SoC via anappropriate IO interface and link, including but not limited to a PCIeinterface/link, a Universal Path Interconnect (UPI) link, an Intel®Accelerator Link (IAL), an Intel® Omni-Path link, and a Gen-Z link. Aprocessor SoC may also include an embedded FPGA, such as depicted byoptional FPGAs 522 and 524 (also respectively labeled FPGA-3 and FPGA-4in the figures herein).

During runtime operations, various software components are run on eachof compute nodes 502 and 504. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5,these include hypervisors 526 and 528, each of which is used to hostvirtual machines 530 on which a respective operating system 532 is run.Generally, hypervisor 526 may be a Type-1 “bare-metal” or a Type-2hypervisor. Alternatively, an operating system (OS) virtualization layermay be implemented in place of hypervisor 526 and 528 and used toimplement containers in which respective operating systems are run.

Each of compute nodes 502 and 504 is further shown as being coupled to abackplane interconnect 534. Generally, backplane interconnect 534 isillustrative of various types of shared interconnects used to providepower and various data and IO signals to compute nodes in a pooledcompute drawer, and although referred to herein as a “backplane”interconnect, may generally be implemented as a mid-plane or base-plane.For example, in some embodiments, each of compute nodes 504 and 506 areserver blades or server modules that include an arrayed connector orcircuit board edge connector that is mated with a correspondingconnector on a backplane, mid-plane or base-plane in the pooled computedrawer.

Under the embodiment illustrated in architecture 500, each of computenode 502 and 504 are enabled to access FPGA resources in a pooled FPGAdrawer 536 over a fabric 538. Pooled FPGA drawer 536 includes aplurality of FPGAs 540 that are coupled to an interconnect 542. PooledFPGA drawer 536 also includes a fabric interface 544 coupled to fabric538 via a link 546. Further details of exemplary embodiments of pooledFPGA drawers are illustrated in FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c and describedbelow.

In some embodiments, configuration of compute nodes and their resourcesare managed by a management entity such as a POD manager that interactswith the PSME on the pooled compute drawer to effect configurationchanges and/or read existing configuration data. Accordingly, FIG. 5further shows a POD manager 548 coupled to a PSME 550 via a network 552.It is further noted that each of the pooled compute drawers shown inFIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c, 10a and 10b and discussed below would likewise includea PSME coupled in communication with a POD manager via a network;however, these components are not shown to avoid clutter.

Generally, FPGAs can be chained (i.e., linked in communication) usingboth communication pathways within a pooled compute drawer and usingcommunication pathways that span separate pooled system drawers.Examples of FPGA chaining within pooled compute drawers are shown inFIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c . In each of these Figures, some details of thecompute nodes are left out to focus on the communication pathwaysbetween the FPGAs; those having skill in the art will recognize each ofthe compute nodes would include further components that are notillustrated for clarity.

In the configuration 600 a shown in FIG. 6a , each of compute nodes 502and 504 are installed in a pooled compute drawer 601 a. FPGA 518 isfurther depicted as including an IO interface 602, a backplane IOinterface 604, and FPGA programmable logic circuitry 606 while FPGA 520is further depicted as including an IO interface 608, a backplane IOinterface 610, and FPGA programmable logic circuitry 612. IO interface602 of FPGA 518 is coupled to an IO interface 614 on processor SoC508-1. Similarly, IO interface 602 of FPGA 520 is coupled to an IOinterface 616 on processor SoC 508-2. Meanwhile, each of backplane IOinterfaces 604 and 610 are coupled to a backplane interconnect 618. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 6a , backplane interconnect 618 is employed forcoupling signals between FPGA 518 and FPGA 520; however, the signalpaths used for backplane interconnect 618 may be part of a largerbackplane in a pooled compute drawer, such as part of backplaneinterconnect 534 depicted in FIG. 5.

In one embodiment, the processor SoC in a compute node is mounted to amain board, either via a direct mount (e.g., flip-chip packaging) orinstalled in a socket mounted to the main board. Each of the FPGAs is achip or a package that is installed in an FPGA socket that is alsomounted to the main board, as depicted by FPGA sockets 620 and 622.Optionally, an FPGA chip or package may likewise be coupled to the mainboard via a direct mount, or may be mounted on a daughterboard or thelike or otherwise included as part of a multi-chip package. As yetanother option, FPGAs 518 and 520 may be cards that are inserted intoslots mounted to the main board (not shown) or daughterboard or thelike. The main board includes routing that couples the signalscorresponding to IO interfaces 602 and 608 to the IO interfaces 614 and616 on processor SoCs 508-1 and 508-2. The main board also includeswiring that couples the signals for backplane IO interfaces 604 and 610to backplane interconnect 618, as depicted by signal paths 619 and 621.The use of backplane IO interfaces 604 and 610 in combination withcorresponding wiring in backplane interconnect 618 enables FPGA 518 andFPGA 520 to be chained. Under this embodiment, FPGA 518 and FPGA 520 areenabled to communicate directly over backplane interconnect 618 withoutthe assistance of either processor SoC 508-1 or 508-2.

As further shown in FIG. 6a , backplane interconnect 618 may furtherinclude a switch 623. Generally, switch 623 may comprise a stand-alonecomponent (including switch ports, not shown), or circuitry to effectswitching operations. For example, in one embodiment switch 623 is across-bar switch. Optionally, multiplexers and demultiplexers may beimplemented at ingress and egress interfaces to the backplaneinterconnect (not shown).

The use of a switch or circuitry to effect equivalent operations enablesmore flexible FPGA chaining options. For example, suppose there are fourcompute nodes 1-4 in a pooled compute drawer, each having its own FPGA.Through the use of a switch, a given FPGA may be coupled to any of theother FPGAs. For example, a first FPGA in compute node 1 could becoupled to the FPGA in any of compute node 2, 3, or 4.

A second embodiment that supports direct connection between FPGAsinstalled in a pooled compute drawer 601 b is depicted by configuration600 b in FIG. 6b . In FIGS. 6a and 6b , like numbered components performsimilar operations; thus, the focus is on the differences of the twoconfigurations. As illustrated, the backplane IO interfaces 604 and 610are replaced with IO ports 624 and 626, and backplane interconnect 618has been removed. (It is noted that pooled compute drawer 601 b maystill have a backplane interconnect, just not one to which the FPGAs arecoupled.) A cable 628 is coupled between IO ports 624 and 626, enablingFPGA 518 to directly communicate with FPGA 520, which further enablesFPGA 518 and FPGA 520 to be chained.

As before, FPGAs 518 and 520 may be mounted to a main board ordaughterboard, mounted in a socket coupled to a main board ordaughterboard, or be implemented on a card that is installed in an IOslot. In alternative embodiments, cable 628 may be internal to (routedwithin) a pooled compute drawer, or may be an external cable that iscoupled to external ports on the pooled compute drawer (or externalports on the compute nodes). For embodiments that include externalports, applicable wiring is provided by the circuit board(s) via whichsignals from the FPGA are coupled to a corresponding cable port.Generally, the cables will be configured in accordance with acorresponding protocol, such as an Ethernet protocol (and correspondingEthernet cables). Other types of communication protocols and cables maybe used, such as but not limited to PCIe (existing and futuregenerations), Omni-path, and Gen-Z.

Configuration 600 c in FIG. 6c shows another mechanism for couplingFPGAs within a compute drawer. Under configuration 600 c, signals arerouted over the primary backplane interconnect for the pooled computedrawer, as depicted by backplane interconnect 534. Each of compute nodes502 and 504 includes a backplane connector with a corresponding IOinterface, as depicted by backplane IO interfaces 630 and 632. In turn,these backplane IO interfaces are respectively coupled to IO interfaces634 and 636 in processor SoCs 508-1 and 508-2. Backplane 534 furtherincludes an optional switch 638 (or circuitry to effect equivalentfunctionality).

The embodiments depicted in FIGS. 6a and 6c both route signals betweenFPGAs 518 and 520 over backplane circuitry. Under configuration 600 a ofFIG. 6a , the connection between an FPGA and the backplane is direct,while under configuration 600 c of FIG. 6c the routing is via an IOinterconnect structure involving traversal of multiple IO interfaces. Inone embodiment, IO interfaces 602 and 608 are PCIe interfaces, while IOinterfaces 614 and 616 and backplane IO interfaces 630 and 632 are PCIeroot ports. In one embodiment, the PCIe interconnect structure isconfigured to support DMA (direct memory access) operations that supporttransfer of data between FPGA 518 and 520 without using any of theprocessor cores on processor SoCs 508-1 and 508-2.

Multiple schemes are also supported for linking (chaining) FPGAs withinpooled FPGA drawers, including embodiments shown in FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c. Under configuration 700 a of FIG. 7a , a plurality of FPGAs 702 a areinstalled in a pooled FPGA drawer 704 a. Each FPGA 702 includes FPGAprogrammable logic circuitry 706 and a pair of IO ports 708. Each FPGA702 further includes a power (PWR)-IO interface 710 coupled to abackplane interconnect 712. As above, the term “backplane” is usedgenerically here to cover other configurations, including mid-plane andbase-plane configurations. Moreover, under alternative configurationsthe FPGAs illustrated in FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c may comprise FPGA cards ormodules having a connecter that is installed in a mating slot/connectorin pooled FPGA drawer that is coupled to backplane interconnect 712.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7a , backplane interconnect 712 isdepicted as providing power and configuration communication. Theconfiguration communication portion of backplane interconnect 712includes circuitry and wiring for facilitating configuration of theFPGAs, including downloading FPGA bitstreams to configure FPGAprogrammable logic circuitry in each FPGA. In the illustratedembodiment, FPGA configuration is implemented via use of a PSME 714 thatcommunicates with a PODM 716 via a network interface 718 and network720. In one embodiment, network 720 is a private network that isseparate and apart from the network fabric implemented in some of theembodiments herein (such as in FIGS. 5, 5 a and 7 c).

The IO ports 708 for the FPGAs 702 a are used to communicate withexternal FPGA consumers (see an example of this in FIG. 10a below) andused for chaining between FPGAs 702 within pooled FPGA drawer 704 a. Inone embodiment, IO ports 708 are mounted on FPGA cards or modules, andare configured to receive cable connectors to enable cables to becoupled both to an external FPGA consumer and cables between FPGA 702 a,as depicted by a cable 722. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), anFPGA PWR-IO interface includes pins or traces to carry signals to aphysical cable port that is mounted to the pooled FPGA drawer. Thiswould generally include wiring in a circuit board or the like betweenthe connector half on the main board or backplane of the pooled FPGAdrawer and the physical cable port. As another alternativeconfiguration, FPGAs 702 a may have more than two IO ports. In addition,a portion of the IO ports on an FPGA may be used for internal cabling,wherein the IO ports are not exposed to receive cables external to thepooled FPGA drawer. In one embodiment, the IO Port are coupled tomultiplexer circuitry (not shown) that enables signals to be routed toselected circuitry and/or interfaces on the FPGAs.

In configuration 700 b of FIG. 7b , a plurality of FPGAs 702 b areinstalled in a pooled FPGA drawer 704 b, wherein communication betweenFPGAs 702 b is facilitated via wiring 724 and a switch 726 b rather thancoupling FPGAs using cables. In addition to a power-IO interface 710,each of FPGAs 702 b includes a data interface 728. Each data interface728 is connected to a respective switch port 730 in switch 726 b viawiring 724. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, power-IOinterface and data interface may be combined into a single interface andall or a portion of wiring 724 may be part of backplane interconnect712.

As further illustrated in FIG. 7b , PSME 714 is coupled to switch 726 bvia a link 732. This enables switch 726 to be dynamically reconfiguredby PODM 716 (or some other management entity connected to network 720).In one embodiment, switch 726 b employs switchable crossbar circuitrythat enables data interfaces 728 to be coupled directly withoutrequiring buffers (or otherwise requiring minimal buffering).Optionally, switch 726 b may employ input and output buffers that aresimilar to those used in network switches or the like.

As with configuration 700 a of FIG. 7a , IO ports 708 are configured tosupport commutation with FPGA consumers external to Pooled FPGA drawer704 that are coupled to an IO port 708 via a cable. Also, as above, IOports 708 may be located on an FPGA card or module, or may be connectedto a physical cable port mounted to pooled FPGA drawer 704 b.

Configuration 700 c of FIG. 7c includes a plurality of FPGAs 702 cinstalled in a pooled FPGA drawer 704 c. FPGAs 702 c are similar toFPGAs 702 b, except they do not include an IO port 708. Rather, underconfiguration 700 c, data communication between the FPGAs 702 c and FPGAconsumers external to pooled compute drawer 704 c is facilitated viafabric 534, a fabric interface 734, and a switch 726 c. Under optionalconfigurations, PSME 714 may be used to configure switch 726 c or switch726 c may be configured via control messages sent over fabric 534.

Each of configurations 700 a, 700 b, and 700 c have their strengths andweaknesses. For example, the use of direct cable connection for externalFPGA consumers in configurations 700 a and 700 b provide highercommunication bandwidth than data transmissions over a shared fabric(when the bandwidth of the fabric links and cabled links are similar).Meanwhile, the use of the shared fabric and configurable switchingenables dynamic configuration of FPGA chains without requiring anyphysical connections of cables.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart 800 illustrating operations for enumeratingFPGA resources and generating a unified view of the system FPGAresources, according to one embodiment. As depicted by start and endloop blocks 802 and 810, the operations of blocks 804, 806, and 808 areperformed in a loop-wise manner for each pooled compute drawer.Similarly, as depicted by start and end loop blocks 812 and 820, theoperations of blocks 814, 816, and 818 are performed in a loop-wisemanner for each pooled FPGA drawer.

In a block 804, the available FPGAs in each compute drawer areenumerated by type and location and/or other attributes relating tocapabilities of each FPGA (such as size). For example, a compute drawermay have multiple slots or the like in which compute nodes areinstalled; each node will have a slot number and each pooled computedrawer will have a drawer number. For a given compute node, zero of moreavailable FPGAs will be enumerated and uniquely identified. Each FPGAwill also be associated with an FPGA type, wherein each FPGA type willbe associated with capabilities for the FPGA type, such as number ofprogrammable gates, particular configurations of the gates, such asnumber of tiles and/or gates per tile, etc. Optionally, attributesrelating to the capabilities may be explicitly provided rather than anFPGA type. Another aspect of the FPGA type may relate to itsconnectivity to the processor SoC for the compute node, such as whetherit is embedded in the processor SoC, and, for non-embedded FPGAs underwhich the FPGA is coupled to the processor SoC, a type of IO link usedand/or the capabilities of the IO link (e.g., bandwidth and/or otherlink attributes or parameters).

In a block 806, one or more intra-drawer FPGA chaining mechanisms is/areidentified for each chainable FPGA. For example, configuration 600 a ofFIG. 6a employs a chaining mechanism comprising a backplane IOinterface, configuration 600 b of FIG. 6b employs chaining mechanismcomprising a cable coupled between IO ports, and configuration 600 c ofFIG. 6c employs a multiple-level hierarchical IO interconnect chainingmechanism. Each of the foregoing applies for chaining between FPGA 518and FPGA 520. In addition, if the processor SoC includes an embeddedFPGA, there will be a first chaining mechanism between the embedded FPGAand an FPGA coupled to the processor SoC in the same computer node (ifany), while there will be a second chaining mechanism from the embeddedFPGA to an FPGA on another compute node within the same pooled computedrawer.

In a block 808, the inter-drawer chaining mechanisms available for eachchainable FPGA are identified, wherein the chaining mechanismsfacilitate chaining of an FPGA in the pooled compute drawer to anotherFPGA in a separate pooled system drawer comprising either a pooled FPGAdrawer, or another pooled compute drawer. Non-limiting examples ofinter-drawer chaining mechanism are described below with reference toFIGS. 10a and 10 b.

Operations 814, 816, and 818 are analogous to operations 804, 806, and808, except they are performed for FPGAs in a pooled FPGA drawer ratherthan a pooled compute drawer. In block 814, the available FPGAs areenumerated by type and location (and/or attributes relating tocapabilities). The types are similar to that discussed above, while inone embodiment the location of an FPGA is a slot in the pooled FPGAdrawer. Optionally, in some embodiments multiple FPGAs may be installedon the same card or an FPGA module, and thus enumeration will includeidentity of the card slot or module slot plus an identity of the FPGA onthat card or module. For example, a card or module might include fourFPGAs numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 that are installed in the third slot of apooled FPGA drawer; thus the FPGAs are identified as 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, and3-4.

In block 816 the intra-drawer FPGA chaining mechanisms for eachchainable FPGA are identified. Non-limiting examples of three FPGAchaining mechanisms are illustrated in configurations 700 a, 700 b, and700 c of FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c , as discussed above. These include cabled10 ports and shared backplane switching schemes. In block 818 theinter-drawer chaining mechanisms for each chainable FPGA are identified.In the case of a pooled FPGA drawer that is accessed over a fabric, themay be a single entry that applies to all of the FGPAs in the pooledFPGA drawer. Optionally, there might be one or more entries for eachchainable FPGA.

In one embodiment, the FPGA configuration information for a pooledcompute drawer and a pooled FPGA drawer is aggregated by the PSME in thedrawer and forwarded to the POD Manager for the rack. Generally, theoperations depicted in the upper and lower loops may be performed inparallel. Moreover, the information may be updated when differentcompute nodes and/or FPGAs are installed in a pooled compute drawerduring ongoing operations. For example, under some embodiments thepooled compute drawers and/or pooled FPGA drawers support “hot-swap”operations under which a board or module may be swapped out for anotherboard or module or a board or module may be installed in a previouslyempty slot. In response, the applicable PSME will update its FPGAconfiguration information and forwarded the updated FPGA to the PODManager.

In a block 822, the POD Manager generates a unified view of the systemFPGA resources, identifying the FPGA locations, types/capabilityattributes, and chaining mechanisms for each FPGA. Data from which theunified view may be derived may be stored in one of several well-knownschemes, such as in one or more lists, tables, maps, or similar datastructures.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart 900 illustrating operations performed forcomposing compute nodes with FPGA resources, according to oneembodiment. In a block 902, a request is received from a customer tocompose a compute node with FPGA resources. The request may identifycompute, memory, and FPGA resources, such as CPU type, amount of memory,and FPGA type, number of gates, or other indicia, attributes, orparameters relating to the compute, memory, and FPGA resources. In oneembodiment, the request is received by the POD Manager (or otherwiseforwarded to the POD Manager). For example, under the embodiment of FIG.2, the request may be received via a Web service or the like whichcommunicates with management interface 222. Generally, the customer maybe an external or internal customer. An example of an external customerwould be analogous to an Amazon AWS or EC2 customer that enters a PaaSor IaaS request via a Web portal or the like. An internal customer mayrelate to an enterprise user, wherein the compute and FPGA resources aredeployed to service PaaS and/or IaaS requests from the enterprise.Generally, the customer may be a human or an automated entity.

In a block 904, the unified system FPGA view is inspected to determinewhat available resources are available. For example, during on-goingoperations, various compute nodes will be composed, used for a period oftime, and then released. Thus, at any point in time, some of the FPGAresources may be currently allocated to compute nodes, while other FPGAresources are idled and available for allocation.

In a block 906, a compute node with FPGA resources is composed tosatisfy the request. This may or may not involve any FPGA chaining,depending on what the requirements are. In one embodiment, local FPGAresources are favored over remote FPGA resources; thus, the FPGAresources that are local (i.e., first on the same compute node (e.g.,server or module), and second within the same pooled compute drawer) arefavored over FPGA resources in pooled FPGA drawers or in separate pooledcompute drawers. However, in some deployments it may be common for allor multiple compute nodes within the same pooled compute drawer toconsume its own FPGA resources, resulting in the only availablechainable FPGA resources being FPGAs in pooled FPGA drawers.

Preferably, FPGA chaining will be configured to minimize latency and/ormaximize throughput (bandwidth) for data passed along the chain linksbetween FPGAs and between FPGAs and the processor SoC host for thecompute node. However, the importance of the latency/bandwidthconsideration may be tempered if the amount of data that is passed isrelatively small (given the available bandwidth of given links).

In conjunction with composing the compute node with the FPGA resources,the unified system FPGA view is updated to identify that the FPGAresources that are allocated for the compute node are currently in useand no longer available. As discussed above, this may be done by the PODManager in one embodiment, or otherwise by another management entity.

In block 908, the FPGA chaining is effected, as applicable. For example,if only the FPGA resources on a compute node server or module areemployed, there may be either no chaining or possible chaining betweenan embedded FPGA and an FPGA attached to a processor SoC via an IO link.For FPGAs that are chained either between compute node servers ormodules within a pooled compute drawer, or between a compute node in apooled compute drawer and an FPGA in a pooled FPGA drawer, the FPGAchaining may be effected either programmatically through configurationof applicable switch parameters, or may require a technician to installcables that directly link FPGAs. It is also noted that cabledconfigurations may be pre-installed. Configuration of the chaining mayalso involve configuration of communication interfaces between FPGAs,such as the FPGA IO ports and/or interfaces.

In a block 910, the FPGA(s) is/are programmed. In one embodiment, anFPGA is programmed by providing an FPGA bitstream to the FPGA over asecure channel. Generally, the secure channel may include a privatenetwork or an out-of-band channel. Encryption may or may not be used,depending on the particular requirements of the deployment. Inalternative embodiments, an FPGA may be programmed by forwarding theFPGA bitstream to a PSME or a BMC. Under another approach, if the FPGAis local the FPGA bitstream is provided to an operating system over asecure channel, and the operating system is used to program the FPGA. Inconjunction with programming FPGAs, the FPGA IO ports and/or interfacesmay be configured to support chaining if not previously configured inblock 908.

In a block 912, the programmed FPGAs are employed during on-goingrun-time operations. For chained FPGAs, this will involve forwardingdata between FPGAs via the applicable chaining mechanism that areconfigured in block 908 and (optionally) block 910.

Generally, at some subsequent point in time, usage of the compute nodewill be completed. For example, under an Amazon AWS or EC2 model, thecompute resources are leased for a period of time, under which thecustomer may choose to extend the lease or let the lease lapse. Thecustomer may also request the lease be terminated. In response totermination or lapse of the lease, the compute node (along with its FGPAresources) is released, meaning the compute, memory, and FGPA resourcesallocated for the compute node are now available for use in a newcomposed compute node. Accordingly, when the compute node is released,the unified system FPGA view is updated to indicate the FPGA resourcesare available for allocation, as depicted in a block 914.

Another aspect of some embodiments, is exposing a unified view of thechained FPGAs in a composed compute node to a hypervisor or OSvirtualization layer as a virtual monolithic FPGA, as depicted in ablock 916. Optionally, the FPGAs may be presented individually as localFPGA resources, whether or not they are local or remote, or the FPGAsmay be presented as a combination of a monolithic FPGA and one or morelocal FPGAs. Under either of these approaches, the mechanism(s) forimplementing chaining of the FPGAs is transparent to the hypervisor orOS virtualization layer. Optionally, the hypervisor or OS virtualizationlayer may include logic for implementing software aspects of the FPGAchaining mechanism, while providing a view to a VM or container of avirtual monolithic FPGA or multiple individual local FPGAs. In otherwords, from the viewpoint of the VM or container, it has access to avirtual monolithic FPGA (built of chained FPGAs behind the scenes) orhas access to multiple local FPGAs. It is further noted that theoperation of block 916 may occur prior to programming one or more of theFPGAs in block 910, under which an operating system running on a VM orin a container is enabled to program the one or more FPGAs.

As discussed above, compute nodes and the compute, memory, and FGPAresources are composed by a management entity or the like, such as thePOD Manager. Non-limiting examples of composed compute nodes are shownin FIGS. 5a, 10a, and 10b . FIG. 10a illustrates a first configurationunder which FPGAs are chained using a cable 1000 that is coupled betweenIO port 624 on FPGA-1 and an IO port 708-1 on FPGA-5 in pooled computedrawer 704 a. (Pooled compute drawer 704 a in FIG. 10a is similar topooled compute drawer 704 a in FIG. 7a , except only two FPGAs 702 areshown.) This embodiment provides a direct cable connection betweenFPGA-1 and FPGA-5. As further shown, an IO port 708-2 on FPGA-5 iscoupled to an IO port 708-3 in FPGA-6 via a cable 722, thus linkingFPGA-5 in communication with FPGA-6.

After cables 1000 and 722 are installed, operations for effecting thechaining of FPGA-1 to FPGA-2 to FPGA-3 are performed. As discussedabove, the result of the FPGA chaining may form a virtual monolithicFPGA or may make the FPGAs appear as local FPGAs to the hypervisor or OSvirtualization layers. Respective examples of the unified FPGA viewspresented to the hypervisor or OS virtualization layer are shown inFIGS. 11a and 11 b.

As illustrated in FIG. 11a , the FPGA programmable logic circuitry ofFPGA resources of FPGA-1, FPGA-5, and FPGA-6 are aggregated into avirtual monolithic FPGA 1100 that is coupled to IO interface 614 on SoC508-1 via a virtual link 1102. For example, suppose FPGA-1 has 500million gates (0.5G), and each of FPGA-5 and FPGA-6 has 1 billion gates(1G). The virtual monolithic FPGA would then have 2.5 billion gates,which is an aggregation of the gates for the individual FPGAs 1, 5, and6.

As illustrated in FIG. 11b , each of FPGA-1, FPGA-5, and FPGA-6 appearsto be coupled to IO interface 614 (or separate IO interfaces, not shown)on SoC 508-1. Thus, from the viewpoint of the hypervisor or OSvirtualization layer, the FPGA resources include three local FPGAs.

FIG. 10b illustrates an alternative cabling configuration to that shownin FIG. 10a . Under the configuration of FIG. 10b , compute node 502further includes an IO port 1004 and compute node 504 further includesan IO port 1006, as shown in a pooled computer drawer 704 b. (Each of IOports 1004 and 1006 would be coupled to an IO interface on itsrespective processor SoC 508-1 and 508-2 that is not shown, but would beunderstood by those skilled in the art to be present.) Meanwhile, the IOports 624 and 626 on FPGAs 518 and 520 have been removed. As furtherillustrated, a cable 1008 is coupled between IO port 1004 on computenode 502 and IO port 708-1 on FPGA-5.

In addition to linking FPGAs via cable links, FPGAs may be virtuallylinked over a fabric. An example of linking FPGAs 1, 5, and 6 over afabric 538 is shown in FIG. 5a . In this case, the link from FPGA-1 toFPGA-5 would flow from FPGA-1 over a link 554 to a first IO interface(not shown) on processor SoC 508-1 to a second IO interface (not shown)on processor SoC 508-1 over a link 556 to NIC 512 over fabric 538 tofabric interface 546 to interconnect 542 to FPGA-5. FPGA-5 is thenchained to FPGA-6 via interconnect 542. This is similar to the chainingmechanism illustrated in configuration 700 c of FIG. 7c discussed above.

The unified views presented to the hypervisor or OS virtualization layerunder the embodiments of FIGS. 5a and 10b will be similar to those shownin FIGS. 11a and 11b . From the perspective of the hypervisor or OSvirtualization layer, the mechanisms used to chain FPGAs 1, 5, and 6 arehidden. Thus, even though the embodiments of FIGS. 5a, 10a and 10b usedifferent chaining mechanisms to chain FPGAs 1, 5 and 6, from theperspective of the hypervisor or OS virtualization layer the unifiedviews of the FPGA configurations that are presented to them are similar.

FIG. 12 illustrates the use of a hypervisor or OS virtualization layer1200 exposing multiple FPGAs 1202, 1204, and 1206 as a monolithic FPGA1208 to an operating system 1210. Under this approach, the hypervisor orOS virtualization layer interfaces with the underlying platformhardware, including the FPGA resources, to abstract the physicalconfiguration of the FPGA resources, presenting the FPGA resources as amonolithic FPGA to the operating system.

FIG. 13 illustrates another approach under which the platform hardwareis used to present FGPA resources to an operating system that areabstracted from the physical FPGA resources. As shown in FIG. 13, thephysical FPGA resources including FPGAs 1302, 1304, and 1306 in a localnode 1308, and FPGAs 1310, 1312, and 1314 in a remote node 1316. FPGAs1302, 1304, 1310, and 1312 are chained, which the combination of theprogrammable logic circuitry of these FPGAs presented to an operatingsystem 1318 running on the local node as a monolithic FPGA 1320.Meanwhile, each of FGPA 1306 and 1314 are presented to operating system1318 is local FPGA resources. Also a single monolithic FPGA is shown inFIG. 13, it is possible for multiple groups of chained FGPAs to beimplemented and presented as separate monolithic FPGAs.

Further aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out inthe following numbered clauses:

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:

linking a plurality of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) incommunication to form a chain of FPGAs, the plurality of FPGAs includingan FPGA that is coupled to a processor in a compute node, each of theplurality of FPGAs having respective a size; and

exposing the chain of FPGAs to a to a hypervisor, an operating systemvirtualization layer, or to an operating system hosted by the computenode as a virtual monolithic FPGA have a size that is an aggregate ofthe individual sizes of the FPGAs in the chain of FPGAs.

2. The method of clause 1, wherein the chain of FPGAs includes achaining mechanism that couples a first FPGA in a first compute node incommunication with a second FPGA in a second compute node.

3. The method of clause 2, wherein the chaining mechanism comprise acable coupled to respective ports on the first and second FPGAs.

4. The method of clause 2 or 3, wherein the first and second computenodes are installed in the same pooled compute drawer.

5. The method of clause 3, wherein the first and second compute nodesare coupled to a backplane in the pooled compute drawer and the chainingmechanism linking the first FPGA in communication with the second FPGAincludes wiring in the backplane.

6. The method of clause 3, wherein the pooled compute drawer includesbackplane wiring and each of the first FPGA and second FPGA is coupledto the backplane wiring.

7. The method of any of clauses 2-6, wherein the chain of FPGAs includea first FPGA installed in a first pooled system drawer linked incommunication with a second FPGA installed in a second pooled system.

8. The method of clause 7, wherein the first and second pooled computedrawers are linked in communication via a fabric, and wherein thechaining mechanism coupling the first FPGA in communication with thesecond FPGA traverses the fabric.

9. The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the chain ofFPGAs includes a first FPGA in a first pooled system drawer linked incommunication with a second FPGA in a second pooled system drawer thatis linked in communication with a third FPGA in the second pooled systemdrawer.

10. The method of clause 9, wherein the second and third FPGA are linkedin communication via a cable.

11. The method of clause 9, wherein the second pooled system drawerincludes a backplane to which each of the first and second FPGAs arecommunicatively coupled, and wherein a portion of wiring in thebackplane is used to carry signals to facilitate communication betweenthe second and third FPGAs.

12. A method implemented by components in a plurality of pooled systemdrawers installed in a rack, the pooled system drawers including one ormore pooled compute drawers and one or more pooled Field ProgrammableGate Array (FPGA) drawers, comprising:

for each of the one or more pooled compute drawers installed in a rack,

enumerating Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices that areassociated with compute nodes installed in the pooled compute drawer;

for each of the one or more pooled FPGA drawers installed in a rack,

enumerating FPGAs installed in the pooled FPGA drawer;

identifying chainable FPGAs among the FPGAs that are enumeratedassociated with the compute nodes installed in the one or more pooledcompute drawers and the FPGAs that are enumerated for the one or morepooled FPGA drawers;

identifying intra-drawer FPGA chaining mechanisms for chaining chainableFPGAs within the one or more pooled compute drawers and the one or morepooled FPGA drawers; and

identifying inter-drawer FPGA chaining mechanisms for chaining chainableFPGAs located in separate pooled system drawers; and

composing a unified view of the FPGAs for the rack, the unified viewidentifying a location and at least one of a size and type of each FPGA,whether the FPGA is a chainable FPGA, and a chaining mechanism for eachchainable FPGA.

13. The method of clause 12, further comprising:

composing a compute node that is enabled to access a plurality of FPGAsthat are allocated for the compute node, at least two of the pluralityof FPGAs being linked in communication to form a chain of FPGAs; and

updating the unified view of the FPGAs to indicate the plurality ofFPGAs are allocated to the compute node.

14. The method of clause 13, wherein the chain of FPGAs includes achaining mechanism that links a first FPGA in a first compute node incommunication with a second FPGA in a second compute node.

15. The method of clause 14, wherein the chaining mechanism comprise acable coupled to respective ports on the first and second FPGAs.

16. The method of clause 14, wherein the first and second compute nodesare installed in the same pooled compute drawer.

17. The method of clause 16, wherein the first and second compute nodesare coupled to a backplane in the pooled compute drawer and the chainingmechanism that links the first FPGA in communication with the secondFPGA includes wiring in the backplane.

18. The method of clause 16, wherein the pooled compute drawer includesbackplane wiring and each of the first FPGA and second FPGA is coupledto the backplane wiring.

19. The method of any of clauses 14-18, wherein the chain of FPGAsinclude first FPGA installed in a first pooled system drawer linked incommunication with a second FPGA installed in a second pooled system.

20. The method of clause 19, wherein the first and second pooled systemdrawers are linked in communication via a fabric, and wherein thechaining mechanism linking the first FPGA in communication with thesecond FPGA traverses the fabric.

21. The method of any of clauses 13-20, wherein the chain of FPGAsincludes a first FPGA in a first pooled system drawer linked incommunication with a second FPGA in a second pooled system drawer thatis linked in communication with a third FPGA in the second pooled systemdrawer.

22. The method of clause 21, wherein the second and third FPGA arelinked in communication via a cable.

23. The method of clause 21, wherein the second pooled system drawerincludes a backplane to which each of the first and second FPGAs arecommunicatively coupled, and wherein a portion of wiring in thebackplane is used to carry signals to facilitate communication betweenthe second and third FPGAs.

24. The method of any of clauses 13-23, further comprising:

receiving a request from a customer to be allocated compute resourcesincluding FPGA resources for use by the customer;

composing a compute node including a plurality of FPGAs to service therequest, at least two of the plurality of FPGAs being chained to form achain of FPGAs; and

enabling the customer to use the compute node that is composed.

25. A pooled compute drawer, configured to be installed in a rack,comprising:

a plurality of compute nodes, each compute node including,

a processor;

memory, operatively coupled to the processor; and

a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device, operatively coupled tothe processor;

the pooled compute drawer further including one or more chainingmechanisms for linking FPGAs included in respective compute nodes incommunication to form an FPGA chain.

26. The pooled compute drawer of clause 25, wherein a first compute nodeincludes a first FPGA having a first port and a second compute nodeincludes a second FPGA having a second port, and wherein a chainingmechanism comprises a cable coupled to the first and second ports on thefirst and second FPGAs.

27. The pooled compute drawer of clause 26, further comprising abackplane, wherein each of a first compute node including a first FPGAand a second compute node including a second FPGA is coupled to thebackplane and a chaining mechanism that links the first FPGA incommunication with the second FPGA includes wiring in the backplane.

28. The pooled compute drawer of clause 26, further comprising abackplane including backplane wiring, wherein the pooled compute drawerincludes a first compute node including a first FPGA and a secondcompute drawer including a second FPGA, and wherein each of the firstFPGA and second FPGA are communicatively coupled to a portion of thebackplane wiring, linking the first FPGA in communication with thesecond FPGA.

29. The pooled compute drawer of any of clauses 25-28, wherein asoftware application is executed on a first processor of a first computenode including a first FPGA that is chained to a second FPGA coupled toa second processor in a second compute node, and wherein the softwareapplication is enabled to assess both the first and second FPGAs toperform workload tasks.

30. The pooled compute drawer of any of clauses 25-29, wherein ahypervisor is executed on a first processor of a first compute nodeincluding a first FPGA that is chained to a second FPGA coupled to asecond processor in a second compute node to form chained FPGAs that areexposed to the hypervisor as a virtual monolithic FPGA or multiple localFPGAs.

31. The pooled compute drawer of any of clauses 25-29, wherein anoperating system virtualization layer is executed on a first processorof a first compute node including a first FPGA that is chained to asecond FPGA coupled to a second processor in a second compute node toform chained FPGAs that are exposed to the operating systemvirtualization layer as a virtual monolithic FPGA or multiple localFPGAs.

32. A pooled Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) drawer, configured tobe installed in a rack, comprising:

a backplane interconnect, including wiring to carry power andinput-output (TO) signals;

a plurality of FPGAs, each coupled to the backplane interconnect via apower and IO interface; and

means for chaining at least two of the FPGAs together to form an FPGAchain.

33. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 32, wherein each of first andsecond FPGAs include at least one IO port, and a first cable is coupledbetween an IO port on the first FPGA and an IO port on the second FPGA.

34. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 33, wherein a third FPGA includesat least one IO port, and the second FPGA includes a first IO portcoupled to an IO port on the first FPGA via the first cable and a secondIO port coupled to an IO port on the third FPGA via a second cable.

35. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 33, wherein each of first FPGAincludes a first IO port configured to be coupled to a first end of asecond cable having a second end configured to be coupled to a computenode in a compute drawer and a second IO port that is coupled to an IOport on the second FPGA via the first cable.

36. The pooled compute drawer of any of clauses 32-35, furthercomprising:

a network interface; and

a drawer management component, coupled between the network interface andthe backplane interconnect,

wherein the drawer management component is configured to receive FPGAconfiguration information sent to the pooled FPGA drawer over a networkto which the network interface is coupled and configure the plurality ofFPGAs.

37. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 32, further comprising a switchhaving a plurality of switch ports, wherein each of the plurality ofFPGAs includes means for coupling the FPGA to a respective switch porton the switch.

38. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 37, wherein each FPGA includes adata port that is coupled to a respective switch port in the switch.

39. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 38, at least one of the pluralityof FPGAs includes an IO port configured to be coupled to a compute nodein a pooled compute drawer via a cable.

40. The pooled FPGA drawer of clause 37, further comprising a fabricinterface that is communicatively coupled to the switch.

41. The pooled compute drawer of any of clauses 37-40, furthercomprising:

a network interface; and

a drawer management component, coupled between the network interface andthe backplane interconnect and coupled to the switch,

wherein the drawer management component is configured to receive FPGAconfiguration information sent to the pooled FPGA drawer over a networkto which the network interface is coupled and configure the plurality ofFPGAs and to configure the switch.

Although some embodiments have been described in reference to particularimplementations, other implementations are possible according to someembodiments. Additionally, the arrangement and/or order of elements orother features illustrated in the drawings and/or described herein neednot be arranged in the particular way illustrated and described. Manyother arrangements are possible according to some embodiments.

In each system shown in a figure, the elements in some cases may eachhave a same reference number or a different reference number to suggestthat the elements represented could be different and/or similar.However, an element may be flexible enough to have differentimplementations and work with some or all of the systems shown ordescribed herein. The various elements shown in the figures may be thesame or different. Which one is referred to as a first element and whichis called a second element is arbitrary.

In the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and “connected,”along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood thatthese terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, inparticular embodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two ormore elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with eachother. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in directphysical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean thattwo or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yetstill co-operate or interact with each other.

An embodiment is an implementation or example of the inventions.Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,”“some embodiments,” or “other embodiments” means that a particularfeature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with theembodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but notnecessarily all embodiments, of the inventions. The various appearances“an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” or “some embodiments” are notnecessarily all referring to the same embodiments.

Not all components, features, structures, characteristics, etc.described and illustrated herein need be included in a particularembodiment or embodiments. If the specification states a component,feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, “can” or “could”be included, for example, that particular component, feature, structure,or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specificationor claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is onlyone of the element. If the specification or claims refer to “anadditional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one ofthe additional element.

An algorithm is here, and generally, considered to be a self-consistentsequence of acts or operations leading to a desired result. Theseinclude physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, thoughnot necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical ormagnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined,compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times,principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals asbits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers or the like.It should be understood, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities.

As discussed above, various aspects of the embodiments herein may befacilitated by corresponding software and/or firmware components andapplications, such as software and/or firmware executed by an embeddedprocessor or the like. Thus, embodiments of this invention may be usedas or to support a software program, software modules, firmware, and/ordistributed software executed upon some form of processor, processingcore or embedded logic a virtual machine running on a processor or coreor otherwise implemented or realized upon or within a computer-readableor machine-readable non-transitory storage medium. A computer-readableor machine-readable non-transitory storage medium includes any mechanismfor storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine(e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable or machine-readablenon-transitory storage medium includes any mechanism that provides(i.e., stores and/or transmits) information in a form accessible by acomputer or computing machine (e.g., computing device, electronicsystem, etc.), such as recordable/non-recordable media (e.g., read onlymemory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media,optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.). The content may bedirectly executable (“object” or “executable” form), source code, ordifference code (“delta” or “patch” code). A computer-readable ormachine-readable non-transitory storage medium may also include astorage or database from which content can be downloaded. Thecomputer-readable or machine-readable non-transitory storage medium mayalso include a device or product having content stored thereon at a timeof sale or delivery. Thus, delivering a device with stored content, oroffering content for download over a communication medium may beunderstood as providing an article of manufacture comprising acomputer-readable or machine-readable non-transitory storage medium withsuch content described herein.

Various components referred to above as processes, servers, or toolsdescribed herein may be a means for performing the functions described.The operations and functions performed by various components describedherein may be implemented by software running on a processing element,via embedded hardware or the like, or any combination of hardware andsoftware. Such components may be implemented as software modules,hardware modules, special-purpose hardware (e.g., application specifichardware, ASICs, DSPs, etc.), embedded controllers, hardwired circuitry,hardware logic, etc. Software content (e.g., data, instructions,configuration information, etc.) may be provided via an article ofmanufacture including one or more computer-readable or machine-readablenon-transitory storage mediums, which provides content that representsinstructions that can be executed. In one embodiment, the instructionsare configured to be executed in a distributed manner on multipledistributed processing elements in the rack to perform variousfunctions/operations described herein.

As used herein, a list of items joined by the term “at least one of” canmean any combination of the listed terms. For example, the phrase “atleast one of A, B or C” can mean A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; orA, B and C.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention,including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention aredescribed herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalentmodifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as thoseskilled in the relevant art will recognize.

These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the abovedetailed description. The terms used in the following claims should notbe construed to limit the invention to the specific embodimentsdisclosed in the specification and the drawings. Rather, the scope ofthe invention is to be determined entirely by the following claims,which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines ofclaim interpretation.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:linking a plurality of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) incommunication to form a chain of FPGAs, the plurality of FPGAs includingan FPGA that is coupled to a processor in a compute node, each of theplurality of FPGAs having respective a size; and exposing the chain ofFPGAs to a to a hypervisor, an operating system virtualization layer, orto an operating system hosted by the compute node as a virtualmonolithic FPGA have a size that is an aggregate of the individual sizesof the FPGAs in the chain of FPGAs.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe chain of FPGAs includes a chaining mechanism that couples a firstFPGA in a first compute node in communication with a second FPGA in asecond compute node.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the chainingmechanism comprise a cable coupled to respective ports on the first andsecond FPGAs.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first and secondcompute nodes are installed in the same pooled compute drawer.
 5. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the first and second compute nodes arecoupled to a backplane in the pooled compute drawer and the chainingmechanism linking the first FPGA in communication with the second FPGAincludes wiring in the backplane.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein thepooled compute drawer includes backplane wiring and each of the firstFPGA and second FPGA is coupled to the backplane wiring.
 7. The methodof claim 2, wherein the chain of FPGAs include a first FPGA installed ina first pooled system drawer linked in communication with a second FPGAinstalled in a second pooled system.
 8. The method of claim 7, whereinthe first and second pooled compute drawers are linked in communicationvia a fabric, and wherein the chaining mechanism coupling the first FPGAin communication with the second FPGA traverses the fabric.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the chain of FPGAs includes a first FPGA in afirst pooled system drawer linked in communication with a second FPGA ina second pooled system drawer that is linked in communication with athird FPGA in the second pooled system drawer.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the second and third FPGA are linked in communication via acable.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the second pooled systemdrawer includes a backplane to which each of the first and second FPGAsare communicatively coupled, and wherein a portion of wiring in thebackplane is used to carry signals to facilitate communication betweenthe second and third FPGAs.
 12. A pooled compute drawer, configured tobe installed in a rack, comprising: a plurality of compute nodes, eachcompute node including, a processor; memory, operatively coupled to theprocessor; and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), operativelycoupled to the processor; the pooled compute drawer further includingone or more chaining mechanisms for linking FPGAs included in respectivecompute nodes in communication to form an FPGA chain, wherein at leastone compute node among the plurality of compute nodes is allocated FPGAresources including an FPGA chain linking FPGAs from that compute nodeand at least one other compute node.
 13. The pooled compute drawer ofclaim 12, wherein a first compute node includes a first FPGA having afirst port and a second compute node includes a second FPGA having asecond port, and wherein a chaining mechanism comprises a cable coupledto the first and second ports on the first and second FPGAs.
 14. Thepooled compute drawer of claim 13, further comprising a backplane,wherein each of a first compute node including a first FPGA and a secondcompute node including a second FPGA is coupled to the backplane and achaining mechanism that links the first FPGA in communication with thesecond FPGA includes wiring in the backplane.
 15. The pooled computedrawer of claim 12, further comprising a backplane including backplanewiring, wherein the pooled compute drawer includes a first compute nodeincluding a first FPGA and a second compute drawer including a secondFPGA, and wherein each of the first FPGA and second FPGA arecommunicatively coupled to a portion of the backplane wiring, linkingthe first FPGA in communication with the second FPGA.
 16. A pooled FieldProgrammable Gate Array (FPGA) drawer, configured to be installed in arack, comprising: a backplane interconnect, including wiring to carrypower and input-output (TO) signals; a plurality of FPGAs, each coupledto the backplane interconnect via a power and TO interface; and meansfor chaining at least two of the FPGAs together to form an FPGA chain.17. The pooled FPGA drawer of claim 16, wherein each of first and secondFPGAs include at least one IO port, and a first cable is coupled betweenan IO port on the first FPGA and an IO port on the second FPGA.
 18. Thepooled FPGA drawer of claim 16, further comprising: a network interface;and a drawer management component, coupled between the network interfaceand the backplane interconnect, wherein the drawer management componentis configured to receive FPGA configuration information sent to thepooled FPGA drawer over a network to which the network interface iscoupled and configure the plurality of FPGAs.
 19. The pooled FPGA drawerof claim 16, further comprising a switch having a plurality of switchports, wherein each of the plurality of FPGAs includes means forcoupling the FPGA to a respective switch port on the switch.
 20. Thepooled FPGA drawer of claim 19, further comprising a fabric interfacethat is communicatively coupled to the switch.